Microbial catabolism is the process by which microorganisms break down complex organic compounds into simpler compounds, releasing energy in the process. This process is a vital part of the microbial metabolism and is essential for the survival and growth of microorganisms.

During microbial catabolism, enzymes break down complex organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into simpler compounds like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. These simpler compounds are then further broken down into even smaller molecules like pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and other intermediate metabolites, which are then ultimately oxidized to generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

Different microorganisms use different pathways for catabolism, depending on the availability of nutrients and other factors in their environment. For example, some microorganisms use aerobic respiration to break down glucose, while others may use anaerobic respiration or fermentation.

Microbial catabolism also plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles, such as the carbon and nitrogen cycles, as microorganisms are key players in the decomposition of organic matter and the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems.